Informatics Publishing Limited

Tang Shanfa ¹, Zhou Tianyuan ¹, Tian Lei ¹, Zhao Chengyang ¹, Xue Wenju ¹

Affiliations
1 Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center of Unconventional Oil and Gas, Yangtze University, Wuhan-430100, CN

Abstract

In order to construct high-temperature novel clean fracturing fluid, the viscosity and viscoelasticity of anionic Gemini surfactant solution were measured by the rheometer and investigated through changing the molecular structure and temperature. The results indicate that when the length of spacer chain s is 2, with the length of carbon chain m increasing, the viscosity of carboxylate anionic Gemini surfactants solution increases; the viscosity of sulfonate anionic Gemini surfactants solution decreases; the viscosity of sulfate anionic Gemini surfactant solution changes slightly and lower than 1.5mPa.s. Viscous modulus (G") and elastic modulus (G') of sulfonate/carboxylate anionic Gemini surfactants solution increase, while the date of G' is more than G", and the solution shows elastic characteristics. With s decreasing at m=10 or 16, the viscosity of sulfonate/carboxylate anionic Gemini surfactants solution increases. Moreover, DS-10-2-10 and DC-16-2-16 exhibit prominent viscosifying ability. The viscosity of DS-10-2-10 and DC-16-2-16 solution decrease with the temperature increasing, but the viscosity of DS-10-2-10 solutions till reaches 30.8mPa.s at 90°C and is more than the viscosity of DC-16-2-16 solution. The temperature has no effect to G' and G" of solution below 45°C. The increasing amount of G" is more than G above 45°C, and elastic effect of the solution decrease with raising temperature.

Keywords

Anionic Gemini Surfactant, Molecular Structure, Viscosity, Viscoelasticity, Temperature.

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Tian Lei ¹, Zhang Zongbin ²

Affiliations
1 College of Business, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, CN
2 College of Economics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, CN

Abstract

The coordinated development of the tourism industry, urbanization and ecological environment is of vital importance to build strong economic and cultural province, as well as to implement "Four Regional Strategies" in Shandong province. Base on the coupling mechanism of three systems of tourism industry, urbanization and ecological environment, this paper builds evaluation indicator of the complex system, introduces the model coordinated development degree, to make quantitative analysis for the coordinated development degree of Shandong Province from 2001 to 2013.

Keywords

Tourism Industry, Urbanization, Ecological Environment, Coupling Coordination, Shandong Province.

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Tian Lei ¹, Zhang Zongbin ²

Affiliations
1 College of Business, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, CN
2 College of Economics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, CN

Abstract

The understanding of coupling relationship between tourism and eco-environment is important due to the complex interaction in environmental effects induced by tourism. This paper aims at introducing an indicator system and developing an integrated approach to evaluate the coupling coordination between tourism and eco-environment using panel data from 2001 to 2013 for Shandong Province, China. The findings revealed that coordination degree between the tourism and eco-environment of Shandong Province generally presents an upward tendency. Shandong Province should understand the most significant variables for the coupling coordination between tourism and eco-environment, and take effective measures to balance the relationship of tourism and eco-environment.

Keywords

Tourism, Eco-Environment, Coupling and Coordinating.

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